This project highlights one component of a broader portfolio of center-funded research initiatives focused on developing novel approaches to complex scientific challenges.

Organic matter (OM) management is critical on golf course putting greens, yet conventional methods for measuring OM require extensive laboratory preparation, high-energy input, and long turnaround times for results. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the accuracy of a portable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device for measuring total organic matter (TOM) content on sand-based putting greens and (2) assess varying sample preparation methods to maximize prediction accuracy and processing efficiency. Samples were collected from putting greens that had a wide range of TOM content and divided into three depths (0-2, 2- 4, and 4-6 cm) and verdure was not removed. Each sample was scanned following three sequential preparation methods: field moist and ground with a mortar and pestle, dried at 105°C, and finely ground with a ball mill. The number of scans per sample (one versus three with remixing samples before scans) was also evaluated. Prediction models were the least accurate for field moist samples, however at the 0-2 cm depth, prediction models achieved r 2 ≥ 0.88, standard error of prediction ≤ 4.42, and bias ≤ 1.81. Prediction model accuracy declined with increasing soil depth, while scanning samples three times improved accuracy for the field moist and dried preparation methods. Our findings demonstrate that the models developed with portable NIRS spectra can potentially provide rapid TOM measurements on sand-based putting greens.

A two-year trial was initiated in October 2024 to evaluate the effects of winter management practices on organic matter accumulation and playability characteristics of bermudagrass putting greens and fairways. Measured parameters included ball roll, surface firmness, TOM, 13 C natural abundance, volumetric water content, soil temperature, and spring transition. Data collection for this study is currently in its final stages. Preliminary analyses and observations indicate differences across all measured parameters.

In addition, a soil microbiology study was initiated in May 2025 to assess the soil microbiome within a sand-based root zone. Data collection for this study is ongoing. Additional data and deliverables from both Center-supported studies will be included in next year’s report upon completion of data collection and analysis.